Glossary

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Macronutrients
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water.

Media
The substance that allows transmission of a force or effect. In human performance the muscular effort and force effect relates to a media and allows generated muscular force to cause motion or prevent motion by stabilization. A medium can enhance performance (foot pushoff on ground) or interfere with performance (headwind resistance).
Examples of Media and Sports:
Air/Ground (e.g., baseball, football)
Air (e.g., skydiving)
Water (e.g., swimming)
Water/Floor (e.g., water polo)
Air/Ground/Water (e.g., triathlon)
Outer Space/Zero Gravity (e.g., space walk)

Metabolism
The biochemical and physiological process of converting energy in food to energy for life processes, such as physical activity, temperature regulation, blood circulation and digestion.

Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals.

Minerals
Chemical entities that regulate fluid balance, muscle contractions, and nerve impulses. Minerals also make up many structures of the body, such as bone, teeth, and blood vessels.

Monounsaturated Fats (a fatty acid) are fats found in vegetable and nut oils, such as canola, peanut and olive oil. Mono- refers to these fat having one chemical bond in the chemical structure that is not completely hydrogenated as are other bonds in the structure. These fats melt at lower temperatures and are not as hard as saturated fats.

Muscle Balance
The body tends to favor use of certain muscles during movement according to energy efficiency, anatomy or personal style. A muscle in a pair of muscles that is used most frequently can develop a more profound strength than the opposite or antagonist muscle. Muscles can shorten or elongate from sport or work tasks or postures. Without a properly designed weight training program and flexibility training program, unbalanced muscle groups can cause poor posture, inefficiency of movement, lack of coordination and even injuries to joints or muscles. Common imbalances occur between the hamstring and quadriceps group -- causing pulled hamstrings. Also imbalances of the low back muscles, abdominal muscles, and hamstrings can cause sway back and possible back injury.

Muscular Endurance
The ability of a muscle to keep up with a workload, repeatedly or for a prolonged time period.

Muscle Spindle .

Muscular Strength
The ability of a muscle to exert a maximum force in a single maximum effort.

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